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What do Greenkeepers do?

Imagine the exhaustive list of different tasks that need to get done on a Golf Course.

Landscapers manicure fairways and plumbers repair turf sprinkler systems, but the ultimate responsibility for the appearance and functioning of golf courses falls to superintendents. Also called turf managers and greenkeepers, they manage the environmental health of the greens and ensure that their facilities meet the needs of the players while still turning a profit.

The British and International Greenkeepers Association (BIGGA) once made a detailed list of what a fully trained, qualified golf course Greenkeeper, should be able to do.

This is a GREENKEEPER/GOLF COURSE SUPERINTENDENT JOB SPECIFICATION.

I'm sure that this list is NOT complete. Here is BIGGA's list:

-       Monitor and Maintain health, safety and security in the workplace

-       Responding to emergencies

-       Develops annual operating budgets and plans for maintenance and capital improvement projects

-       Supervises and controls all maintenance expenses associated with Golf Course Operations, including payroll, supplies, chemicals and fertilizers.

-       Maintains records and completes required reporting to Management and Committees.

-       Order parts, supplies and equipment as needed.

-       Schedules maintenance practices around member play and outings to maximize efficiency and minimize disruption to members

-       Maintain good standards of health and safety for self and others

-       Switching and brushing

-       Mowing banks

-       Mowing rough

-       Mowing semi rough

-       Mowing surrounds and approaches

-       Mowing tees

-       Mowing greens

-       Mowing fairways

-       Scarifying/Verti-cutting turf

-       Aerating/Hollowtinning turf

-       Knowledge of safe use, mixing and application of chemicals and commercial products.

-       Applying nutrition and fertilzers

-       Applying fungicides

-       Applying pesticides

-       Applying herbicides

-       Applying top dressing

-       Repairing divots

-       Irrigating turf

-       Ability and knowledge to lay out irrigation patterns, drainage patterns, construct tees and/or greens.

-       Identifying and controlling weeds

-       Identifying and controlling pests

-       Identifying and control of turf diseases and disorders

-       Preparing ground to establish turf

-       Establishing turf

-       Identifying grasses, trees, shrubs, insects, fishes and birds on the golf course

-       Marking of hazards, out of bounds and ground under repair

-       Moving tee markers

-       Maintaining bunkers

-       Maintaining golf course furniture

-       Changing holes

-       Rolling turf

-       Driving a tractor with implements

-       Undertaking routine machine maintenance

-       Preparing machinery for use

-       Preparing machinery for storage

-       Measuring green speed and interpreting the results

-       The rules of golf relating to golf course maintenance

-       Knowledge of the game of golf, golf rules and methods of play.

-       Preparing ground to establish plants on the golf course
-  Have a meticulous eye for detail and be a perfectionist when it comes to manicuring

-       Establishing plants on the golf course

-       Maintaining, pruning and trimming trees, shrubs and wetlands on the golf course

-       Communicating effectively with staff, committee members, golf members and guests

-       Interpersonal skill to resolve conflict and work with supervisors, officials, employees, members and the general public.

-       Dealing with disagreements/conflict

-       Keeping management informed of happenings of daily regimes

-       Understanding their roles and responsibilities

-       Skills in recruiting, supervising, training, monitoring, evaluating and motivating personnel.

-       Conducts employee performance evaluations and exercises disciplinary action

NOTE: All of the above tasks must be carried out in a manner that minimizes environmental damage.

Spring Treatments - September 2014

The fresh breeze in the air means time for change...

It's that time of the year again...Sandy, slow and bumpy Greens, dust because of the shaved down Fairways and non-stop irrigation on the course until we are fortunate enough to get our first summer rains!

These procedures all fall part of our annual Spring Treatment Program at PCC and the importance (and correct implementation) of these processes can not be overlooked by any Golf Course. 

Below follows a brief report of the progress and completion of these procedures over the last 2 weeks.

Greens

• We started on Sunday afternoon, 31 August and all the Greens were Hollowtinned, Top-Dressed and Fertilized and all procedures were completed on Tuesday, 2 September.
• During every Hollowtine procedure we ONLY use USGA Spec Silica sand to topdress the Greens as this formulation, consisting of certain percentages from bigger granules to fines is the correct composition to minimize compaction and provide the root-zone with air pockets to allow oxygen, water and fertilizer to move through and around where the roots can easily take up the nutrients and oxygen.
• The 2^nd application of the same organic slow-release fertilizer (recommended 5-7days after original application) was applied on Monday, 8 September.
• Our Turf Consultant, Dr. At Schoeman was here on Tuesday morning, driving around the course with myself and John and informed us that the current growth, colour and recovery of the Greens is well above what is expected.
• We have not however not yet started to mow the Greens as the slow-release fertilizer, that is still visible on the surface, continues to break down and dissolve with every irrigation application and once these granules have fully dissolved we will send the mowers out.
• It was also discussed and agreed that the current fertilizer already applied will still supply the Greens with enough nutrition and nourishment till the end of September where-after soil, clippings and irrigation water monsters will only be taken later in the month to determine the new fertilizer program after we have seen what nutrients and trace elements the Greens require.

Fairways

• All Fairways were scarified and swept to remove all dead foliage left over from winter dormancy, and completed on Tuesday, 9 September.
• We have started with the Topdressing of the Fairways on Monday, 8 September and will be completed with all the Fairways by Wednesday, 10 September.
• The Topdressing was scheduled to take about 5 days but we have managed to push this procedure and completed well before planned, only needing 3 days.
• The growth has already started to come through as the warmer temperatures and normal Fairway Irrigation Programs have started.
• The nutrients in the Topdressing contain 30% Kraal Manure so we have agreed to hold back on the fertilizing of the fairways till next week sometime to give the grass on the fairways chance to take-up these organic nutrients before applying Greensulf, a artificial (granular) fertilizer.

Photo above- Process of sweeping up the clippings after the Fairways have been scarified...and yes that "was" a navy blue overall being worn by the operator.

Tee’s

• The Tee’s have also all been Verti-cut to remove winter thatch build-up, Hollowtinned and Topdressed and this was completed on Thursday, 4 September.
• All these tee’s have now been fertilized and this was completed Monday, 8 September.
• The Kikuyu Patch areas on the Tee-Box Surrounds will now be treated with topdressing to encourage recovery growth.

Other Areas – Greens Surrounds

• All the Greens Surrounds were Verti-Cut and completed Tuesday, 9 September.
• These areas will now be topdressed and fertilized during the next 3 days.

Other Areas – Driving Range

• The Driving Range Tee was scarified on Tuesday, 9 September and will be Topdressed on Wednesday morning.
• After this, the Tee-box will be fertilized with Greensulf, a quick green-up boost fertilizer.

*We are however still busy with a few other projects and Irrigation Repairs on the Course and the last few Spring Treatment tasks will be completed before the end of next week, whereby then our normal Summer Routine will be in full swing!!

A different approach...NOT using a wedge!!

The role of a Greenkeeper…

Today, reducing environmental impacts should be on the agenda of all sports facilities. Indeed, all walks of business should be doing their bit for the environment and leading to a better end result, potentially making financial savings in the process. Golf clubs are no different and I use these as an example of how the operational direction of a business needs to change in today's climate.

“For many, the only green aspect of the golf course should be the greens, tees and fairways...”

Throughout the history of golf this has been the role of the "Greenkeeper". In the past, breaking down the meaning of this title was straightforward - it was the job of the Greenkeeper to keep the turf healthy and as green as possible also ensuring the best quality for play.

For a while now a Greenkeeper’s role has stretched out beyond the playing surfaces to include the maintenance and enhancement of the out of play areas. These “wild” areas have become a signature for clubs, helping them stand out from their competition by creating an attractive, natural and diverse environment within which to play golf hence the fact that we are in the middle of a busy city and just about 1km away from the busiest highway in South Africa.

The role of the Greenkeeper has therefore, changed. He or she has become a manager of considerable areas of land. Add to this the requirement to be aware of and be responsible for and dealing with environmental issues both on the course and increasingly, in and around the clubhouse.

It is certainly the case that the roles of Greenkeepers from the 90’s are much more diverse and complex than it used to be. As a result of this, Greenkeeper are no longer employed to keep the greens green but to keep the club green.

Why bother?

People's opinions and extent of knowledge on the subject of climate change will, no doubt, differ between individuals but everybody by now are aware of the basic issues - we are over harvesting, polluting and destroying habitats to a point where our lifestyle is no longer sustainable.

It is a real problem that is already beginning to affect us. 

For example, I'm sure you've all noticed the +/- 15% mark up on the cost of food over the past 3 years? This can be linked to the failure of food crops which, in turn is caused by climate change related events. The point is the problem won't go away if we pretend it doesn't exist.

Are you thinking green yet?

Becoming greener brings more than just environmental benefits. This is a key point and a key driver for change. All businesses need to commit to becoming green - golf courses included - and those that have the foresight to begin adapting their practices, even in a small way will undoubtedly reap rewards in the future.

Those that invest money in Environmental Schemes will almost certainly make their money back within a relatively short period of time and from then on will continue to accumulate savings year on year.

For many it’s difficult to be convinced that change is a good idea. Change is often deemed a scary, unnecessary process and it is for this reason that some businesses and in some cases entire industries, get left behind. Becoming greener can only be a positive change whichever way you look at it.

Our Greens Committee together with industry professionals have started our own environmental plan for our Club. We have already identified a few key subjects and areas we will be covering, E.g.  A full list of all the trees, animals, fish and birdlife (Fauna and Flora) currently living on our property, also identifying out of play areas where we’ll be able to encourage and stimulate more indigenous plant & birdlife and a better structure at our Golf Course Maintenance Workshop where international standards in Workplace Health and Safety are met?

I'm not suggesting you get straight on the phone and order a solar panel to meet your power needs at home, I'm merely suggesting that carrying out investigative work costs nothing and I’m sure you’ll be able to find initiatives that are surprisingly beneficial to your own house.

Just imagine what our Environmental Plan can do for the Club's bank balance, image, status, efficiency and of course…to the environment. 

A few interesting facts about Golf Courses:

• A typical 18-hole golf course produces enough oxygen to support 4,000 to 7,000 people.
• Golf courses have a cooling effect during the hot summer months. The average temperature of a golf course is normally 5 to 7 degrees cooler than a residential area and 7 to 15 degrees cooler than an urban downtown setting.
• A golf course can be a healthy natural environment. The turf grass on golf courses serves as a filter to runoff to control flooding; out of play areas offer wildlife habitat; trees and bushes filter dust and pollen; and the green space has a cooling effect on surrounding property.
• Most golf courses compost grass clippings and leaves, which reduces the amount of waste in landfills. Composting is a growing and recommended practice for golf course operations.
• Golf course architects now design courses that reduce the need for pesticides, water and costly maintenance practices while preserving habitat and environmental quality.
• Golf course managers are among the best-educated and most conscientious users of chemical management tools. Today, most superintendents have two- or four-year university degrees in agronomy, horticulture or other related fields. Many of them enter the profession because of a love of nature and the outdoors, and are strongly committed to conservation. A recent survey shows golf course managers give extremely high priority to maintenance practices that do not have a negative impact on the environment.

Ecological benefits of golf courses

In addition to turf-related benefits, courses provide other important ecological and community assets. Golf courses are:

• Key sanctuaries for birds and other wildlife
• Disposal and treatment sites for (effluent) wastewater
• Attractive and environmentally sound “covers” for closed landfills and other ecologically damaged sites
• Recreational places for non-golf activities, such as jogging, walking and bird-watching
• Wetlands preservation areas

References: 

Google

Wikipedia

Pitchcare Magazine (Australia) - Economy vs Environment

www.teetimes.info - Quick facts about Golf and the Environment

Bunker Sand Analysis

Selecting the best sand for our Bunkers…

“Playing quality is unquestionably the most subjective parameter when choosing bunker sand. The most important component in the selection process is allowing an adequate amount of time to fully evaluate the various factors.” - James Francis Moore

With the exception of greens…bunkers and the sand in them, are probably the most controversial and discussed features on golf courses regardless of the golfer's ability.

The composition of the sand strongly impacts on maintenance regimes and playing quality.

These are the five most important factors that we had to consider before selecting the sand for our bunkers.

• Particle size
• Particle shape
• Infiltration rate
• Colour
• Overall playing quality

Different suppliers in South Africa were contacted to supply samples and descriptions of their bunker sand mix including detailed specification of particles sizes and percentages of the finer granules so to determine if they conform to the USGA Specification Standards used on almost all golf courses worldwide. Below follows a table comparing the USGA specs and PCC bunker sand composition.

Fraction	Size (mm)	Bunker Sand (% of each in mix)	USGA Recommended Mix (% of each in 100% mix)	PCC Prescription Mix (% of each in 100% mix)
Gravel	>2	< 3%	0	0
Very Coarse Sand	1-2	> 15%	2.3	3.8
Coarse sand Medium sand	0.5 -1.00 0.25 – 0.5	> 65%	84.7	84.9
Fine sand Very fine sand	0.15 – 0.25 0.10 – 0.15	< 25%	12.8	11
Silt	0.002 – 0.05	< 3%	2	0.3
Very fine silt, sand, clay etc.	<0.10	<1%	0.2	0.3

Particle Size

As a general guideline, sand used in bunkers should be composed of particles with a large majority in the range of 0.25-1.00mm. Silt and clay (particles below 0.05mm) should be kept to a minimum. In other words, it is unlikely that sand that falls significantly outside this range will perform well in terms of crusting, firmness, porosity and/or playing quality.

Particles greater than 2.00mm are classified as gravel. If present in large quantities, particles in this range damage mowing equipment and cause the ball to deflect off line on the putting surface.

Particle Shape

The shape of the sand particles has a strong influence on playing quality and maintenance. A sand particle's shape is classified by examining both the relative sharpness of the particle's edges and the overall shape of the particle itself.

Infiltration Rate

Infiltration rate refers to the sand's ability to drain.  As a general guideline, sand being considered for use in bunkers should drain at a minimum rate of 500mm (20 inches) per hour.

The sand in the old design bunkers gradually became contaminated with the clay soil from the base and sides of the bunker and subsequent high clay content prevented proper drainage. In the new bunkers we installed Bunkermat® which is a carpet-like lining that prevents contamination of the clay/sand from the bunker base. Similarly the grass covered bunker faces prevents contamination from the bunker walls/sides.

This photo taken on Hole #15 at PCC in March 2012 with the old design bunkers, clearly shows the poor drainage and infiltration rate of rain water through the sand.

Colour

As a general rule, lighter coloured sands are preferred since they contrast beautifully with the green grass. Due to dust and organic particles blown in by the wind the white colour of the sand rarely last more than 6 months or so before turning to a more natural brown/tan colour. An annual program on many courses is to add 50- 150mm of sand to existing bunkers to replace what is lost from explosion-type shots, water and wind erosion.

Overall Playing Quality

Without question, playing quality is the most subjective evaluation of bunker sands. Players vary widely in their assessment of what constitutes good playing quality. One of the few shared opinions seems to be a desire for all the bunkers on the course to play in a consistent manner.

The other factors that influence playing quality and have nothing to do with the composition of the sand include:

• Raking frequency and methods
• Irrigation coverage and frequency
• Depth of the sand
• Duration the sand has been in the bunker
• Maintenance practices

Conclusion

There is indeed more to selecting the right sand for our bunkers and today's golfers are becoming increasingly more demanding for bunkers to play consistently, drain rapidly and provide aesthetical value to the course.

This was why we constructed and used test bunkers prior to the Re-design Project to allow golfers to evaluate the different sands for playing quality before making a choice that we might have come to regret a few years from now.

Finally, time will be required for the newly installed sand to firm up and take on its final playing characteristics.

References:
 James Francis Moore from www.USGA.org - Green Section Record Jan/Feb 1998 Vol. 36, #1

Fish Re-Location and Introduction Program

PCC Fish Introduction Program

Today, I would like to add something that we are actually very privileged to have on our property…

Our amazing wetlands and inter-linking stream system running through the golf course and property.

We are very fortunate with the water entering our property through the Waterkloof Spruit, ensuring a relative constant supply of clean water for irrigating our golf course and gardens.

In April 2013, with the low rainfall experienced that winter and reduced flow from outside we experienced the dams on e.g. Hole #13 to become stationary for long periods, thus creating favourable conditions for the development of unwanted algae and slime.

In order to redress the balance of the fish species found to combat the algae, certain non-algae eating species in dams will need to be reduced and other species introduced to control the levels of algae. The impact of netting out and re-stocking is expected to take between 2 to 5 years and will eventually create a more environmentally friendly and healthy environment with its own aquatic Eco-system.

The Carp species are also known to feed on small plant material growing on the side-banks along the dams and often cause these side-banks to collapse. This can become a major risk with some Greens only a few meters away from the waters adge.

We approached an expert, Mr. Casper Kruger from Fisheries Hartebeespoort to assist us and to recommend a plan heading forward.

The following assessments were conducted for these areas:

•  Netting of all fish to obtain an indication of fish species in the dams
• Assessment of fish netted including general condition of fish
• Ecological assessment of dam and surrounding areas
• Testing of water quality
• Bird life survey (Already completed by PCC)

FISH SPECIES IDENTIFIED AND TO BE REMOVED FROM THE PCC DAMS

1. Largemouth Bass                   Micropterus salmoides
2. Carp                                        Cyprinus carpio
3. Catfish                                    Clarias gariepinus

FISH SPECIES TO BE ADDED TO THE PCC DAMS

All the fish species mentioned will contribute to the cleaning of our dams.

1. Banded Tilapias                    Tilapia sparrmanii  

Diet: The banded tilapia feeds on microscopic organisms.

Size: Can reach 23,5cm and 300g

2. Blue Tilapias                          Oreochromis mozambicus  

Diet: They can consume detritus, small invertebrates and vegetation ranging from algae to rooted plants. This broad diet helps the species thrive in diverse locations.

Size:  Can reach 35cm and 1.2kg

3. Dwarf Tilapias                       Pseudocrenilabrus philander

Diet: All living organisms, e.g, mosquitoes, bacteria and small frogs.

Size: Can reach 12cm and 140g

4. Redbreast Tilapias                Tilapia rendalli  

Diet: The redbreast tilapia feeds on algae, plants, small crustaceans, worms, and larvae, but prefers a vegetation diet such as the thick growth of weed, found in still waters

Size: Can reach 45cm and 2,5kg

5. Ghieliemientjie                     Barbus paludinosus  

Diet: Most living organisms e.g. water insects and mosquitoes.

These are excellent breeding fish, they can breed and reproduce within 60days in ideal climate. They also attract a wide variety of birdlife to any dam/pond.

Size: Can reach 15cm and 120g

On 6 May 2013, 2500 fingerlings comprising of the above species were added to some dams on the property and we will soon monitor their progress.

These fish will also encourage our bird life status by attracting more water birds to the Club and ensure we have clean waterways all year round.

Hartebeespoort Fisheries busy with netting of fish on 6 May in the Dam by Hole #13 to determine the fish species we currently have in our dams. 

500 Fingerlings to be released to the dams on #4/#9.